[4], Interpretationism can be combined with eliminativism and instrumentalism about beliefs. It states that partial beliefs are basic and that full beliefs are to be conceived as partial beliefs above a certain threshold, for example, that every belief above 0.9 is a full belief. contrariamente … In contrast to other belief systems, religious beliefs are usually codified.[54]. [4][34] In regular contexts, the truth-value of a sentence does not change upon substitution of co-referring terms. This is different from Sofía's desire that it will be sunny today, despite the fact that both Rahul and Sofía have attitudes toward the same proposition. [36] Sociologist Émile Durkheim wrote of collective beliefs and proposed that they, like all "social facts", "inhered in" social groups as opposed to individual persons. Introduction to the Special Issue: What are Religious Beliefs? Ihre Suche im Wörterbuch nach belief ergab folgende Treffer: Wörterbuch belaufen. Strong beliefs about determinant factors (i.e., security, survival, or honor) are likely to cause a social entity or group to accept rules and norms. [21] On this view, being occurrent corresponds to being active, either consciously or unconsciously. People with pluralist beliefs make no distinction between faith systems, viewing each one as valid within a particular culture. that it amounts to a belief that God exists with his characteristic attributes, like omniscience and omnipotence. If it were not for the fact of personal commitment, belief systems could not have strong social consequences, and the study of social systems would not be so interesting. Dispositionalism is sometimes seen as a specific form of functionalism. contrary to popular belief. Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis. The speaker really has these beliefs if this project can be successful in principle. Belief-Bias (englisch belief bias für Glaubens-Befangenheit, auch Überzeugungsbias) bezeichnet eine kognitive Verzerrung. This means that peoples' beliefs should evolve as they gain new experiences. The entity has the belief in question if this belief can be used to predict its behavior. Wyer found that this model produces relatively accurate predictions for probabilities of single events and for changes in these probabilities, but that the probabilities of several beliefs linked by "and" or "or" do not follow the model as well.[78][79]. Three types of models of belief formation and change have been proposed: conditional inference process models, linear models and information processing models. [53], Religious belief refers to attitudes towards mythological, supernatural, or spiritual aspects of a religion. Our common-sense understanding of belief is correct – Sometimes called the "mental sentence theory," in this conception, beliefs exist as coherent entities, and the way we talk about them in everyday life is a valid basis for scientific endeavor. There are several techniques for individuals or groups to change the beliefs of others; these methods generally fall under the umbrella of persuasion. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. [6] While it is uncontroversial that beliefs shape our behavior, the thesis that beliefs can be defined exclusively through their role in producing behavior has been contested. He imagines a twin Earth in another part of the universe that is exactly like ours, except that their water has a different chemical composition despite behaving just like ours. [31] Opponents of this account often concede that belief-in may entail various forms of belief-that but that there are additional aspects to belief-in that are not reducible to belief-that. Thus, information bears directly on beliefs of another, related statement. It has been argued that interpretationism can also be understood in a more realistic sense: that entities really have the beliefs ascribed to them and that these beliefs participate in the causal network. In epistemology, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false. Jonathan Dancy states that "Durkheim's discussion of collective belief, though suggestive, is relatively obscure". In unseren Foren helfen Nutzer sich gegenseitig. "; "How fine-grained or coarse-grained are our beliefs? For other uses, see, Psychological state of holding a proposition or premise to be true, The received view holds it that Plato's theory presents knowledge as remembering eternal truths and justification reawakens memory, see, Beauchamp, Philip (pseudonym of Jeremy Bentham). For example, the law of total probability might be applied to predict a subjective probability value. P At that point, the patient has a great deal of flexibility in choosing what beliefs to keep or reject: the patient could believe that the doctor is incompetent, that the doctor's assistants made a mistake, that the patient's own body is unique in some unexpected way, that Western medicine is ineffective, or even that Western science is entirely unable to discover truths about ailments. as an innovation characterized specifically by its explicit rejection of earlier polytheistic faiths. Deutsch. Or one may not eat the pie despite being hungry because one also believes that it is poisoned. Each religion asserts that it is a means by which its adherents may come into closer contact with the Divine, with Truth, and with, Some people regard certain fundamental doctrines of some religions as illogical, contrary to experience, or unsupported by sufficient, Some religions include beliefs that certain groups of people are inferior or sinful and deserve contempt, persecution, or even death, and that non-believers will be punished for their unbelief in an. Herkunft: Mittelenglisch, vom altenglisch lēafa, gelēafa [Quellen fehlen] Beispiele: [1] Wicca is a religious belief. Belief definition: Belief is a feeling of certainty that something exists , is true, or is good. The same procedure can also be applied to predicting how a chess computer will behave. [55] For a broad classification of the kinds of religious belief, see below. Such cases are most naturally analyzed in terms of partial beliefs involving degrees of belief, so-called credences. Übersetzung von Deutsch nach Englisch ist aktiviert. Explicit regulative processes such as policies, laws, inspection routines, or incentives. Tippen Sie Pinyin-Silben ein, um die chinesischen Kurz-Zeichen vorgeschlagen zu bekommen. contrary to popular belief Another approach circumvents the notion of probability alltogether and replaces degrees of belief with degrees of disposition to revise one's full belief. Wyer, R.S., & Albarracin, D. (2005). Sinnverwandte Wörter: [1] faith [2] trust [3] judgment. a person might answer that they do not, despite the fact they may never have thought about this situation before.[67]. 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In a notion derived from Plato's dialogue Theaetetus, where the epistemology of Socrates most clearly departs from that of the sophists, who appear to have defined knowledge as "justified true belief". Adherents of particular religions deal with the differing doctrines and practices espoused by other religions or by other religious denominations in a variety of ways. [2] To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the proposition "snow is white". Auffassung Nf. [4] This difficulty arises due to the fact that she does not know that the two names refer to the same entity. [70], Unlike the previous model, linear models take into consideration the possibility of multiple factors influencing belief formation. These include prayer appearing to account for successful resolution of problems, "a bulwark against existential anxiety and fear of annihilation," an increased sense of control, companionship with one's deity, a source of self-significance, and group identity.[62]. The most straightforward explanation, given by the atomists, would be that they have the same belief, i.e. [4] For example, seeing that the traffic light has switched to red is usually associated with the belief that it is red, which in turn causes the driver to bring the car to a halt. [31] Applied to the belief in God, opponents of the reductive approach may hold that a belief that God exists may be a necessary pre-condition for belief in God, but that it is not sufficient. The term orthodox was applied[when?] a person actively thinking "snow is white"), but can instead be dispositional (e.g. : die Überzeugungen. The definition of a belief is an opinion or something that a person holds to be true. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. Army (2012). Typical examples would include: "he believes in witches and ghosts" or "many children believe in Santa Claus" or "I believe in a deity". [4][35][34] So in a de re sense, Lois does believe that Clark Kent is strong, while in a de dicto sense she does not. Beliefs or belief ascriptions for which this substitution does not generally work are de dicto, otherwise, they are de re. [4][5] Beliefs form a special class of mental representations since they do not involve sensory qualities in order to represent something, unlike perceptions or episodic memories. {\displaystyle P} They may also be unable to accept the proposition that those who do not believe will go to hell or be damned, especially if said nonbelievers are close to the person. [15][16] For example, a belief that there is a pie in the pantry is associated with the disposition to affirm this when asked and to go to the pantry when hungry. First used in the context of Early Christianity, the term "orthodoxy" relates to religious belief that closely follows the edicts, apologies, and hermeneutics of a prevailing religious authority. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, three related concepts were identified regarding the concept of belief: pistis, doxa, and dogma. We have various dispositions to believe given the right perceptions, for example, to believe that it is raining given the perception of rain. psych. [4][6] For example, on this outlook, if Rahul believes that it will be sunny today, then he has a mental attitude towards the proposition "It will be sunny today" which affirms that this proposition is true. Vertiefen Sie sich in die englische und deutsche Grammatik von LEO - mit tausenden Beispielen! Traditionally, philosophers have mainly focused in their inquiries concerning belief on the notion of belief-that. basic belief Grundüberzeugung {f} Based on the belief-attitude-behavioral intention model (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975), attitude is posited to mediate the relationship between belief and behavioral intention. This reasoning leads to molecularism or holism because the content of the Jupiter-belief depends on the Pluto-belief in this example. Philosopher, Our common-sense understanding of belief is entirely wrong and will be completely superseded by a radically different theory that will have no use for the concept of belief as we know it – Known as. Notable examples include: "What is the rational way to revise one's beliefs when presented with various sorts of evidence? (conviction, way of thinking) Überzeugung Nf. almost as an epithet to a group of Jewish believers who held to pre-Enlightenment understanding of Judaism – now known as Orthodox Judaism. A popular view holds that different religions each have identifiable and exclusive sets of beliefs or creeds, but surveys of religious belief have often found that the official doctrine and descriptions of the beliefs offered by religious authorities do not always agree with the privately held beliefs of those who identify as members of a particular religion. Justified true belief is a definition of knowledge that gained approval during the Enlightenment, "justified" standing in contrast to "revealed". [6] Because of this, it seems natural to construe beliefs as attitudes towards propositions, which also constitute non-sensory representations, i.e. [23][24] The higher the degree of a belief, the more certain the believer is that the believed proposition is true. Um eine neue Diskussion zu starten, müssen Sie angemeldet sein. knows that a proposition [4][40][41], Epistemology is concerned with delineating the boundary between justified belief and opinion,[42] and involved generally with a theoretical philosophical study of knowledge. Glover warns that some beliefs may not be entirely explicitly believed (for example, some people may not realize they have racist belief-systems adopted from their environment as a child). Noch nicht registriert? This approach is a fairly consistent feature among smaller new religious movements that often rely on doctrine that claims a unique revelation by the founders or leaders, and considers it a matter of faith that the "correct" religion has a monopoly on truth. Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch - leo.org: Startseite, SUCHWORT - LEO: Übersetzung im Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. [10][11] Norms. [48] Bernecker and Dretske (2000) argue that "no epistemologist since Gettier has seriously and successfully defended the traditional view. [25] This is usually formalized by numbers between 0 and 1: a degree of 1 represents an absolutely certain belief, a belief of 0 corresponds to an absolutely certain disbelief and all the numbers in between correspond to intermediate degrees of certainty. We see this tendency with all kinds of beliefs, including those about the self and others, as well as beliefs about the way the world works, including prejudices and stereotypes. Using regression procedures, these models predict belief formation on the basis of several different pieces of information, with weights assigned to each piece on the basis of their relative importance. Das Gettier-Problem besteht nun da… Coleman III, T., Jong, J., & van Mulukom, V. (2018). A belief is an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition about the world is true. The contexts corresponding to de dicto ascriptions are known as referentially opaque contexts while de re ascriptions are referentially transparent.[4][35]. Each belief always implicates and relates to other beliefs. [12][13] This view is often combined with the idea that the same belief can be realized in various ways and that it does not matter how it is realized as long as it plays the causal role characteristic to it. Psychologists study belief formation and the relationship between beliefs and actions. Belief-in, on the other hand, is more closely related to notions like trust or faith in that it refers usually to an attitude to persons. Interpretationism constitutes another conception, which has gained popularity in contemporary philosophy. [25] This includes both synchronic laws about what one should believe at any moment and diachronic laws about how one should revise one's beliefs upon receiving new evidence. Physical trauma, especially to the head, can radically alter a person's beliefs. This attitude is sometimes associated[by whom?] Klicken Sie einfach auf ein Wort, um die Ergebnisse erneut angezeigt zu bekommen. [31] The difference between belief-in and belief-that is sometimes blurry since various expressions using the term "belief in" seem to be translatable into corresponding expressions using the term "belief that" instead. Eliminativists hold that, strictly speaking, there are no beliefs. Moreover, beliefs need not be occurrent (e.g. If the concept of belief is incoherent, then any attempt to find the underlying neural processes that support it will fail. [4] This process involves ascribing beliefs and desires to the speaker. [23] On this view, having a partial belief of degree 0.9 that it will rain tomorrow is the same as having a full belief that the probability of rain tomorrow is 90 %. The Eastern Orthodox Church of Christianity and the Catholic Church each consider themselves to be the true heir to Early Christian belief and practice. - Jetzt registrieren! The antonym of "orthodox" is "heterodox", and those adhering to orthodoxy often accuse the heterodox of apostasy, schism, or heresy. [38] One problem for holism is that genuine disagreements seem to be impossible or very rare: disputants would usually talk past each other since they never share exactly the same web of beliefs needed to determine the content of the source of the disagreement. Externalism, on the other hand, holds that the relations to one's environment also have a role to play in this. [33] Not all usages of belief-in concern the existence of something: some are commendatory in that they express a positive attitude towards their object. The Renaissance and later the Enlightenment in Europe exhibited varying degrees of religious tolerance and intolerance towards new and old religious ideas. [46] The concept of justified true belief states that in order to know that a given proposition is true, one must not only believe the relevant true proposition, but also have justification for doing so. In response to the liberalizing political and social movements, some religious groups attempted to integrate Enlightenment ideals of rationality, equality, and individual liberty into their belief systems, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Antonyms for belief. The complexity can be reduced dramatically when the underlying factor graph has some special structure. Dem wird entgegnet, dass eine gerechtfertigte und wahre Meinung aber auch durch Zufall wahr sein kann. Information Operations. is true if and only if: This theory of knowledge suffered a significant setback with the discovery of Gettier problems, situations in which the above conditions were seemingly met but where many philosophers deny that anything is known. This page was last edited on 6 April 2021, at 22:00. Category Belief on sister projects: Wikipedia. The primary problem in epistemology is to understand what is needed to have knowledge. So, like other propositional attitudes, belief implies the existence of mental states and intentionality, both of which are hotly debated topics in the philosophy of mind, whose foundations and relation to brain states are still controversial. Norms are enforced by normative mechanisms within the organization and are not strictly dependent upon law or regulation. Some characteristics of belief systems are: 1) Personal commitment is one of most observable and interesting features of an ideology. Rules function as a coercive regulator of behavior and are dependent upon the imposing entity's ability to enforce them. As mental attitudes, beliefs are characterized both by their content and their mode. Strategic approaches make a distinction between rules, norms and beliefs as follows: An extensive amount of scientific research and philosophical discussion exists around the modification of beliefs, which is commonly referred to as belief revision. [23] Full beliefs are all-or-nothing attitudes: either one has a belief in a proposition or one does not. Nomen, weiblich, femininum: Substantive des weiblichen Geschlechts (" Frau ", " Vorlesung "). Generally speaking, the process of belief revision entails the believer weighing the set of truths and/or evidence, and the dominance of a set of truths or evidence on an alternative to a held belief can lead to revision. Wörterbuch oder Synonyme. This casts doubt on the thesis that there is any genuine difference in need of explanation between the contents of the two beliefs. Diese definiert Wissen als Meinung (Überzeugung), die gerechtfertigt und wahr ist. Find 95 ways to say BELIEF, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Representations are usually defined as objects with semantic properties, like having a content, referring to something, being true or false, etc. Hinweis: Spenden an die LEO GmbH sind leider nicht steuerlich abzugsfähig. But the great majority of our beliefs are not active most of the time, they are merely dispositional. The collective perception of fundamental truths governing behavior. Some people may be unable to accept the values that a specific religion promotes and will therefore not join that religion. [78][79] When people rate the likelihood of a certain statement (e.g., "It will rain tomorrow"), this rating can be seen as a subjective probability value. creencia f. Zu meinen Favoriten hinzufügen. He says that one may try to rebuild one's beliefs on more secure foundations (axioms), like building a new house, but warns that this may not be possible. Therefore, individuals seeking to achieve belief modification in themselves or others need to consider all possible forms of resistance to belief revision. People with inclusivist beliefs recognize some truth in all faith systems, highlighting agreements and minimizing differences. Synonyms for belief in Free Thesaurus. The epistemologists, Gettier[44] and Goldman,[45] have questioned the "justified true belief" definition. [2] Some have also attempted to offer significant revisions to our notion of belief, including eliminativists about belief who argue that there is no phenomenon in the natural world which corresponds to our folk psychological concept of belief (Paul Churchland) and formal epistemologists who aim to replace our bivalent notion of belief ("either we have a belief or we don't have a belief") with the more permissive, probabilistic notion of credence ("there is an entire spectrum of degrees of belief, not a simple dichotomy between belief and non-belief"). Rationality in terms of partial beliefs involving degrees of religious belief, though suggestive is... Depending on their ontological status, their object or their semantic properties, `` what is the case despite fact. And old religious ideas the thesis that there is still a disposition believe... Either one has a belief that marriage is good neue Diskussion zu starten müssen! And Goldman, [ 45 ] have questioned the `` justified true ''... Supportive beliefs the kinds of religious tolerance and intolerance towards new and old religious ideas social significance will... His mental attitude but Sofía is not person 's beliefs identified [ whom! All your others ) are Probably Wrong the definition of a religion ]. Conditional inference process models, linear models and information processing models of.... Dependence on external factors system will likely persist and be difficult to change over time state in an. Die chinesischen Kurz-Zeichen vorgeschlagen zu bekommen Renaissance and later the Enlightenment in Europe exhibited degrees... Following: Psychologist James Alcock also summarizes a number of apparent benefits reinforce... Startseite, SUCHWORT - LEO: Übersetzung im Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch same belief, See below to accepted shared! Work are de dicto, otherwise, they are merely dispositional and an object belief... 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Is '' but this issue is more complicated in case of belief formation all faith-systems 31. Acceptance or assent toward a proposition without the full intellectual knowledge required to guarantee truth.