[100], In 2019, a female football fan, Sahar Khodayari, was arrested for "appearing in public without a hijab" after she attempting to sneak into a football/soccer match dressed as a man. Moreover, Nesvan e Shargh in Bandar Anzali, Jahan e Zanan in Mashhad, Dokhtaran e Iran in Shiraz, and Peik e saadat in Rasht addressed women's issues throughout Iran. [75], In 2001, Allameh Tabatabaii University, Tarbiat Modares University and Azzahra University initiated a women's studies academic field at the Master of Arts level and shortly after, Tehran University organized a similar program. The prevalence of criminality by women has increased in recent years, as have crimes related to drugs and violence. Farideh Farhi, "Religious Intellectuals, the 'Woman Question,' and the Struggle for the Creation of a Democratic Public Sphere in Iran", This page was last edited on 5 April 2021, at 09:22. He is in jail for opposing the compulsory wearing of the hijab. Gaffary, Farrokh. [85] Since then, women's presence in parliament has doubled to 3.3% of the seats. [115] Some suggest the Iranian women's movement must accept help from western feminists, whose progress has been recognized within western society, to be recognized. Main themes cover the appointment of Baháʼu'lláh's successor, who remains unnamed in the text; the layout of the future Baháʼà administration, including the mention of the Universal House of Justice and allusions to what would later be known as the Guardian; certain laws, particularly around prayer, fasting, marriage, divorce, and inheritance; admonitions toward certain individuals; and a variety of specific laws, ordinances, and prohibitions, ranging from tithes, to the Baháʼà calendar, to prohibitions on opium, slave trading, and gossip. The types of professions available to women are restricted and benefits are often denied. The Minister of Agriculture, however, suggested women's movement leaders set up a voting booth to voice their suggestions. Female Genital Mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan: description and associated factors. [83], 1940s–1950s: this was the era of nationalization of Iran's oil industry and brought women further access to education and some political activism to some extent. [83], 2005–2013: The Ahmadinejad era of neo-conservativism saw the increase of repression and the rise of unemployment. In this school, Iranian women could study subjects including history, geography, law, calculus, religion, and cooking. [73], Until recently women were not allowed to enter stadiums in Iran and so could not attend men's volleyball and football/soccer matches. Women cannot get a job or pursue a profession in the same way a man can; they cannot be ensured of equal pay for equal work, and there are no laws to restrain gender discrimination in hiring. Women pursuing teaching positions in higher education also made gains during this period; at universities, women held nearly half of the assistant professorships—almost twice the number held ten years before. At the turn of the 20th century, many educated Persian women were attracted to journalism and writing. [97] In 2006, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad lifted the ban, stating the presence of women would "promote chastity" but the supreme leader overturned this decision a month later. [77] As female enrollment in schools grew, the sexual segregation in academic specialization remained until the late the 1990s. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries in Iran, women's rights have been severely restricted compared with those in most developed nations. [104], In August 2014, permanent methods of contraception were banned by Iran's parliament. Under Iranian civil laws, when children reach puberty, they also gain penal responsibility and can legally be tried as an adult. [4], After Khomeini's death, women put pressure on the government to grant more rights to women. [4], Iran's civil law system can be seen as very gender distinct, with numerous laws that favor men over women and few, if any, laws favoring women. [83], 1905–1925: this period was during the constitutional revolution, which marked the end of the Qajar dynasty. [8], The Kitáb-i-Aqdas was completed by Baháʼu'lláh in 1873. MANSION 'MURDER' Moment man arrested 100 miles away after £300m hotelier stabbed to death. This can be seen comparing the Baháʼà approach to history and the future to that of the theory of the Clash of Civilizations on the one hand and the development of a posthegemony system on the other (compared with work of Robert Cox, for example, in Approaches to World Order, (Robert Cox & Timonthy Sinclair eds, Cambridge University Press, 1996). Iran's history is commonly divided into three segments; pre-Islamic, post-Islamic, and the modern era. Khamenei called for a ban on vasectomies and tubal ligation in an effort to increase population growth. [8] The style combines elements of both poetry (shi'r) and rhymed prose (saj') and the text contains instances of literary devices like alliteration, assonance, repetition, onomatopoeia, juxtaposition and antithesis, metaphors, alternation of person and personification. تهران: ابنسینا، ۱۳۴۷. [4], When the Iranian Revolution started in 1977, many women in metropolitan cities marched in protest and wore chadors. The Shah was inspired by the Westernization that was taking place there by the Turkish leader, Atatürk. During the Qajar dynasty that ruled Iran from the late 1800s to the early 20th century, women were isolated; they were not engaged in politics and their economic contribution was limited to household work. 215–224. Husbands have the right to prevent wives from working in particular occupations and some positions require the husband's written consent. Khatami called for the creation of specialisms and majors for women in universities and for the quota system that was introduced after the 1979 revolution. This can be seen as disadvantageous towards girls, who reach puberty around the age of ten whereas boys reach it around the age of fourteen. She was arrested on February 2007 and was sentenced to death on account of "armed actions against Islamic Republic of Iran and membership in PJAK in addition to possessing and carrying illegal weapons while engaging in acts of propaganda warfare against the Islamic Republic of Iran" in December 2008. Teheran: Iranian ministry of the Interior, p. 32", "1995 International Mathematical Olympiad (Unofficial) Results", "Iranian is first woman to nab highest prize in maths", "History of Education for Women in Iran | K12 Academics", "Women Empowerment and Good Urban Governance in Iran", "Women's Rights and Feminist Movement in Iran", "Participation of Women in Iran's Polity", "دهمین دوره مجلس ایران آغاز بهکار کرد | رادیو زمانه", "Personal Belongings of Zeynab Jalalian Confiscated at Khoy Prison", "Gonabadi Dervish Women Brutally Beaten Up In Qarchak Prison", Beaten During Arrest Prominent Iranian Female Activist On Hunger Strike, Iran Moves to Silence Journalists, Activists Ahead of Parliamentary Elections, UN Experts Welcome Iranian Human Rights Advocate's Release, Iran's sole female Olympic medalist says she's defected, "It's Too Early To Cheer the So-Called End of Iran's Notorious Ban on Women in sports stadiums", "Women Denied Entry to Volleyball Event: That's the Real Crime", "Opinion | Why Is FIFA Condoning Gender Apartheid? Before the foundation of the Islamic Republic, women were not required to wear a veil. [112], In 2004, the World Bank funded a "network of Persian women" to promote the welfare of women in Persian-speaking lands. For the Iranian women's movement, see, Gender representation on corporate boards of directors, Science, technology, engineering and mathematics, Film directors, cinematographers and screenwriters, International influence and the women's movement, بدرالملوک بامداد، زن ایرانی از انقلاب مشروطه تا انقلاب سفید. It is their duty, Islam is a political religion". Mohammad Reza was educated in Switzerland and returned to Iran in 1935. [citation needed][81] According to a 2017 Human Rights Watch report, this inequality is caused by domestic laws discriminating against women's access to employment. )[8], Certain possible sources of law are specifically abrogated: laws of the Bábà religion, notably in the Persian Bayán, oral traditions (linked with pilgrim notes, and natural law, (that is to say God's sovereign will through revelation is the independent authority. [45] In late 2018 the US State Department condemned the arbitrary arrest of Meisami, who had been on hunger strike since August. Activist and photographer Alieh Motalebzadeh was sentenced to three years in prison for attending a workshop for women's empowerment in Georgia. [4], The rights and legal status of Iranian women have changed since the early 20th century, especially during the past three systems of government. Reza Shah also began his controversial policy of Kashf-e-Hijab, which banned the wearing of the Islamic hijab in public. [17], The Khatami presidency saw the slow rise of women's participation in education. For example, tribal and nomadic groups (like the Kurds, Bakhtiari, Qashqai) allowed their women to interact with men to a certain extent, and even some considered polygamy and Mu'ta (Shia temporary marriage) as undesirable.[12]. [83], In recent years, the Iranian government has invested in women's organizations and activist initiatives that seek to empower women to learn skills that give women more independence. [23][24][25], That Baháʼu'lláh had three wives,[23][26] while his religion teaches monogamy, which has been the subject of criticism. [64] As of 2006, women account comprise over half of the university students in Iran,[62] and 70% of Iran's science and engineering students. Women comprised 61 percent of students enrolled in the humanities and the experimental sciences. Hojabri's arrest "led to an outcry of support from ordinary Iranians". [17] Women took part in the Iranian revolution by participating in protests. [80], According to Iran's 2007 census, 10% of women were actively contributing to the economy and that over 60% of men were economically active. Women were restricted to certain fields of work, such as midwifery and teaching. [77], When Khatami's presidency began, more than 95 percent of Iranian girls went to primary school[78] In 1997–98, 38.2 percent of Iranian women enrolled in higher education. Almost all of the 11 female lawmakers of the then-270-seat Majlis tried to change some of Iran's more conservative laws. [116] Others suggest parochial movements of women will never be successful and that until a global sisterhood from all nations and religions has been established, feminism has not truly arrived. [10] A Russian translation was undertaken by Alexander Tumansky in 1899 and was his most important contribution to Baháʼà studies. [15] Miller only ever used it to further his polemical agenda. "[15] The Shah's White Revolution helped to increase the legal rights of women. [76][77] Noting more women were participating in higher education, Khatami said the increase was concerning but did not wish to reduce it. )[97], In 2005, the Iranian parliament approved abortions that were carried out before four months' gestation if the woman's life was at risk or if the fetus was nonviable or growing abnormally. This perspective suggests western feminism can offer freedom and opportunity to Iranian women that are not afforded by their own religious society. Women's engagement in informal and private sectors are not included in the data. [44], On November 26, 2018, Nasrin Sotoudeh, a human-rights lawyer and political prisoner being held at Tehran's Evin Prison, began a hunger strike demanding the release of Farhad Meysami, a doctor who is in jail for protesting compulsory wearing of the hijab. "[86], According to the report of the Kurdistan human rights network, on November 28, 2018, guards in Khoy women prison in the northwest of Iran attacked inmate Zeynab Jalalian and confiscated her belongings. [4][6] He also stated that if the laws were in conflict with the civil law of the country where a Baháʼà lives the laws could not be practiced. [4] Shoghi Effendi also stated that certain other laws, such as criminal laws, that are dependent upon the existence of a predominantly Baháʼà society would only be applicable in a possible future Baháʼà society. The women in parliament have ratified 35 bills concerning women's issues. [citation needed], On 12 January 2020, Kimia Alizadeh, Iranian Olympic medalist has moved to Germany and wants to compete for Germany if this year's summer Olympic. A one-day or two-day punitive cruise missile strike on either Damascus or Tehran may take place by the US in retaliation for an attack, violations, or a military threat of some sort. [16] Their role was both praised and encouraged by the revolutionary leader Ruhollah Khomeini, who in a speech stated: "We must not forget the activities which women performed, notably confrontations. [99] According to the order of World football's governing body in November 2019, women were allowed to attend stadiums "without restrictions and in numbers determined by demand for tickets". [47][48], In August 2019, Iranian civil rights activist Saba Kord Afshari was sentenced to 24 years in prison, including a 15-year term for taking off her hijab in public, which Iranian authorities say promoted "corruption and prostitution". [89][90], On 7 October 2020, after Narges Mohammadi, a human rights activist, was freed after a long-term prison sentence, the United Nations High Commissioner for Rights (UNHRC) called for the release of other activists from Iran's jails. This was confirmed and amplified in other texts, notably the Kitáb-i-'Ahd. Women's dependency grew during this period because they relied on others to run errands. [4] Khomeini believed this right was state propaganda to hide its dictatorial and fascist nature with democracy and liberalism. This means girls as young as ten can be prosecuted criminally. Women have been banned from Tehran's Azadi soccer stadium since 1981. [2]:16 The World Bank's database, "Women, Business, and the Law", lists 23 restrictions in Iranian law on married women; this includes "applying for a passport, traveling outside the home, choosing where to live, and being head of the household. [76] The decade saw a three-fold growth in female enrollment in higher education. [83], 1960s–1970s: During the era of the White Revolution and modernization, women saw greater legal reforms in voting rights and family protection laws, as well as an increased participation in the economy. [1] In 2017, the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Index ranked Iran in the bottom tercile of 153 countries. [4], With the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini, women's roles were limited;[citation needed] they were encouraged to raise large families and tend to household duties. [58], In modern-day Iran, divorce can be obtained by both men and women, and the custody of children is given to the parent determined by a judge. [114] The feat, undertaken in Kazakhstan, was reportedly an inspiration to many Iranian women. The writing of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas and Baháʼà teachings on gender equality and monogamy post-date Baháʼu'lláh's marriages and are understood to be evolutionary in nature, slowly leading BaháʼÃs away from what had been a deeply rooted cultural practice. [42], The Guidance Patrol, an undercover law enforcement squad also known as "Morality Police" (Persian: گشت ارشاد Gašt-e Eršād), surveys women in public for dress-code violations. 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