Dec 6, 2018 - Explore Patrick Kiser's board "WWII Romanian Mountain Troops" on Pinterest. Romanian troops were responsible for the persecution and massacre of up to 260,000 Jews in Romanian-controlled territories, though most Jews living within Romania survived the harsh conditions. In addition, most of the products sent to Germany – such as oil, grain, and equipment – were provided without monetary compensation, as Germany refused to pay. The first real major wave of Jewish immigrants spread through Walachia (a Romanian principality founded around 1290) after they had been expelled from Hungary in 1367. Consequently, by 1943 Romania became a target of Allied aerial bombardment. A Country Study by the U.S. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress attributes this to a "morbid competition with Hungary to curry Hitler's favor... [in hope of]... regaining northern Transylvania."[1]. #1 of 13 Sights & Landmarks in Alba Iulia. The Soviet Union was offered a 90% share of influence in Romania. In May 1945, the First and Fourth armies took part in the Prague Offensive. With popular support for Romania's participation in the war faltering and German-Romanian fronts collapsing under the Soviet onslaught, King Michael of Romania led a coup d'état that deposed the Antonescu regime and put Romania on the side of the Allies for the remainder of the war; Antonescu was executed in June 1946. However, the treaty specifically recognized that Romania switched sides on 24 August 1944, and therefore "acted in the interests of all the United Nations". Like Finland, Romania had to pay $300 million to the Soviet Union as war reparations. The survival of Jews in some parts of the country does not alter this reality. Fascist political forces such as the Iron Guard rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with Nazi Germany and its allies. [22], In early September, Soviet and Romanian forces entered Transylvania and captured the towns of Brașov and Sibiu while advancing toward the Mureș River. Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995. The mission resulted in "no curtailment of overall product output." The Iron Guard was forced out of the government. Thomas, Martin. Since it was on the trade routes between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empiremany Jewish merchants traveled through Mol… In the aftermath of World War I, Romania, which fought with the Entente against the Central Powers, had greatly expanded its territory, incorporating the regions of Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina, largely as a result of the vacuum created by the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. Though much of the killing was committed in the war zone by Romanian and German troops, there were also substantial persecutions behind the front line. 5 out of 5 stars (113) 113 reviews. The list below comprises the models and numbers of Romanian Army tanks of all types in service as of 19 July 1944:[41]. As a result of these uncompensated exports, inflation in Romania skyrocketed. Citadel of Alba Iulia. The new regime firmly set the country on a course towards the Axis camp, officially joining the Axis powers on 23 November 1940. [1] According to historian and author Mark Axworthy, the second Axis army in Europe, arguably, belonged to Romania, though, this is disputed since many would agree that this position goes to the Italian army.[2]. Photo Credit Map of the refineries in the immediate vicinity of Ploiesti in 1940. Supported by Britain, the Turks took a firm stand against the Russians, who occupied the Danubian principalities (modern Romania) on the Russo-Turkish border in July 1853.The British fleet was ordered to Constantinople (Istanbul) on September 23. Of the 25,000 Romani deported, who were deported to concentration camps in Transnistria, 11,000 died.[12]. However, the Second Hungarian Army was present in the region, and together with the Eighth German Army engaged the Allied forces on 5 September in what was to become the Battle of Turda, which lasted until 8 October and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides. [4], Since the late 19th century onwards Romania had been a relatively democratic constitutional monarchy with a pro-Western outlook, but the country faced increasing turmoil in the 1930s as a result of the Great Depression in Romania and the rise of fascist and other far-right movements such as the Iron Guard, which advocated revolutionary terrorism against the state. [13] Some attribute the postponement of a formal Allied recognition of the de facto change of orientation until 12 September (the date the armistice was signed in Moscow) to the complexities of the negotiations between the USSR and UK. Part I: Europe During WWII. [15], In a radio broadcast to the Romanian nation and army on the night of 23 August King Michael issued a cease-fire,[13] proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of an armistice (to be signed on September 12)[16] offered by Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR, and declared war on Germany. As a reward, Northern Transylvania was, once again, recognized as a… Hungary had lost Transylvania after World War I in the Treaty of Trianon. Alba Iulia. Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality. [13] Michael I, who was initially considered to be not much more than a figurehead, was able to successfully depose the Antonescu dictatorship. On April 13, 1939, France and the United Kingdom had pledged to guarantee the independence of Romania. 1.1 Moldavia (Moldova, Moldau): a pre-war Romanian province bordered on the east by the Prut (Pruth) River. [3] This occasionally led to violent conflict, as exemplified by the Hungarian–Romanian War and the Tatarbunary Uprising. Throughout the Antonescu years, Romania supplied Nazi Germany and the Axis armies with oil, grain, and industrial products. [11] The number of Romanian troops sent to fight in the Soviet Union exceeded that of all of Germany's other allies combined. Within four days, Antonescu had successfully suppressed the coup. The list below displays the modern (designed and built after the end of World War I) infantry weapons and artillery pieces used by the Romanian Army during World War II. This led to the achievement of the long-standing nationalist goal of creating a Greater Romania, a national state that would incorporate all ethnic Romanians. Antonescu abolished the National Legionary State, in its stead declaring Romania a "National and Social State. Collection of The National WWII Museum. As a reward, Northern Transylvania was, once again, recognized as an integral part of Romania, but the border with the USSR and Bulgaria was fixed at its state in January 1941, restoring the pre-Barbarossa status quo (with one exception). It was a strategic bombing mission and part of the "oil campaign" to deny petroleum-based fuel to the Axis powers. Ethnic and religious makeup of 1930's Southern Dobruja (Durostor and Caliacra counties - today the provinces of Silistra and Dobrich in Bulgaria) within Greater Romania #20th_century, #bulgaria, #europe, #romania. "To arm an ally: French arms sales to Romania, 1926–1940. Later that day, historian and former prime minister Nicolae Iorga and economist Virgil Madgearu, a former government minister, were assassinated. Between states: the Transylvanian question and the European idea during World War II. [1] Also, numerous train stations in the country, such as Gara de Nord in Bucharest, served as transit points for troops departing for the Eastern Front. The territorial evolution of Romania (Romanian: Evoluția teritorială a României) includes all the changes in the country's borders from its formation to the present day.The precedents of Romania as an independent state can be traced back to the 14th century, when the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia were founded. 5 out of 5 stars (135) $ 15.00 FREE shipping Add to Favorites Old map of Romania 1931 vintage print poster about Rumania - inset maps of Bucharest - Original Antique - … [citation needed], The Romanian Army ended the war fighting against the Wehrmacht alongside the Red Army in Transylvania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Austria and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from August 1944 until the end of the war in Europe. WWII Map Assignment. In Romania proper, Soviet occupation following World War II facilitated the rise of the Communist Party as the main political force, leading ultimately to the forced abdication of the King and the establishment of a single-party people's republic in 1947. According to an international commission report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered or died in various forms on Romanian soil, in the war zones of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and in the occupied Soviet territories under Romanian's control (Transnistria Governorate). Among other things, this recognized the Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia (which had been ruled by the Russian Empire from 1812 to 1918). [5] In parallel with these internal developments, economic pressures and a weak Franco-British response to Hitler's aggressive foreign policy caused Romania to start drifting away from the Western Allies and closer to the Axis. To contain Hungarian irredentism, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia established the Little Entente in 1921. Reconnaissance photo of the two primary oil refineries in Ploiesti Romania taken in preparation of the low-level B-24 Liberator bomber attack of Aug 1 ,1943 German FlaK, the weapon that took down many American bombers that day. Dark Green: Allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor, including colonies and occupied countries. Romanian general orders (1 April 2021) Romanian naval secret service in WWII (30 March 2021) 1944 Moldova operations (27 March 2021) Need help with following … Case, Holly. This mission was one of the … In the immediate wake of the loss of Northern Transylvania, on 4 September the Iron Guard (led by Horia Sima) and General (later Marshal) Ion Antonescu united to form the "National Legionary State", which forced the abdication of Carol II in favor of his 19-year-old son Michael. This is a list of battles and other combat operations in World War II in which Romanian forces took part. Jewish property was nationalized. On 23 November Romania joined the Axis powers. The murders committed in Iasi, Odessa, Bogdanovka, Domanovka, and Peciora, for example, were among the most hideous murders committed against Jews anywhere during the Holocaust. As part of the deal, the Iron Guard became the sole legal party in Romania. On the current territory of Romania, between 290,000 and 360,000 Romanian Jews survived World War II (355,972 persons, according to statistics from the end of the war). Get the best deals for ww2 romania at eBay.com. Stalin immediately recognized the king and the restoration of the conservative Romanian monarchy. The new regime featured corporatist policies that often resembled those of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Romanian troops were in large part responsible for the Odessa massacre, in which from October 18, 1941, until mid-March 1942, Romanian soldiers in Odessa, aided by gendarmes and police, killed up to 25,000 Jews and deported more than 35,000.[12]. Romanian armies advanced far into the Soviet Union during 1941 and 1942 before being involved in the disaster at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43. Romania officially remained neutral and, under pressure from the Soviet Union and Germany, interned the fleeing Polish government after its members had crossed the Polish–Romanian border on 17 September, forcing them to relegate their authority to what became the Polish government-in-exile. We have a great online selection at the lowest prices with Fast & Free shipping on many items! Their main objective was Cluj (Cluj-Napoca), a city regarded as the historical capital of Transylvania. On 13 April 1939, France and the United Kingdom had pledged to guarantee the independence of the Kingdom of Romania. WWII administrative map of Romania.svg 5,954 × 4,093; 4.41 MB WWII Southern Central Europe 1944-1945-es.svg 2,001 × 1,415; 1.19 MB WWII Southern Central Europe 1944-1945-pt.svg 2,001 × … This caused widespread discontent among the Romanian population, even among those who had once enthusiastically supported the Germans and the war, and an angry relationship between Romania and Germany.[1]. On 8 October German troops began crossing into Romania. Despite initial success, a number of ad hoc Romanian cadet battalions managed to stop the Hungarian advance at the Battle of Păuliș, and soon a combined Romanian-Soviet counterattack overwhelmed the Hungarians, who gave ground and evacuated Arad itself on 21 September. Despite the relatively recent acquisition of these territories, they were inhabited by a majority of Romanian speaking people (except Southern Dobruja), so the Romanians had seen them as historically belonging to Romania, and the fact that so much land was lost without a fight shattered the underpinnings of King Carol's power. Among other things, this pact recognized the Soviet "interest" in Bessar… The report commissioned and accepted by the Romanian government in 2004 on the Holocaust concluded:[12]. Extreme antisemitic tendencies, long evident in the country, escalated on the eve of the war. The Agreement also stipulated that the Allied Control Commission would have its seat in Bucharest. Romania, an ally of Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1944, had a Jewish population of about 757,000 before World War II. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Formerly known as Bessarabia, this region was an integral part of the Romanian principality of Moldavia until 1812, when it was ceded to Russia by its suzerain, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire.Bessarabia remained a province of the Russian Empire until after World War I, when it became a part of Greater Romania, and it reverted to Russian control in 1940–41 and again after World War II, … One of the most notable air bombardments was Operation Tidal Wave — the attack on the oil fields of Ploiești on 1 August 1943. In summer 1940 a series of territorial disputes were diplomatically resolved unfavorably to Romania, resulting in the loss of most of the territory gained in the wake of World War I. They soon numbered over 500,000. During the communist regime in Romania , there was a mass emigration to Israel , and in 1987, only 23,000 Jews lived in Romania. Under the pretext of stabilizing the country, the increasingly autocratic King Carol II proclaimed a 'royal dictatorship' in 1938. On 20 January 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest. In November 1942, the German Sixth Army was briefly put at Dumitrescu's disposal during a German attempt to relieve the Third Army following the devastating Soviet Operation Uranus. Romanian police officials shot hundreds of Jews in the courtyard of police headquarters. Romania welcomed the war because they were allies with Germany. As a member of the Axis, Romania joined the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, providing equipment and oil to Nazi Germany as well as committing more troops to the Eastern Front than all the other allies of Germany combined. Of all the allies of Nazi Germany, Romania bears responsibility for the deaths of more Jews than any country other than Germany itself. Two-thirds of Bessarabia were combined with a small part of the Soviet Union to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the treaty specifically recognized that Romania switched sides on 24 August 1944, and therefore "acted in the interests of all the United Nations". King Michael offered to put the Romanian Army, which at that point had a strength of nearly 1,000,000 men,[14] on the side of the Allies. The Annex to Article 18 made clear that "The Romanian Government and their organs shall fulfil all instructions of the Allied Control Commission arising out of the Armistice Agreement." Of some 538,000 Romanian soldiers who fought against the Axis in 1944–45, some 167,000 were killed, wounded or went missing.[23]. Eight days later Nazi Germany invaded the Second Polish Republic. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the. Antonescu became the Iron Guard's honorary leader, while Sima became deputy premier. 1940 Vintage Map Romania and Yugoslavia-WWII Era Map-Cool old of map Romania and Yugoslavia-Retro Travel-Global Decor GlobalHygge. After a journey of 1200 miles from Benghazi, Libya, an air armada of 178 B-24 Liberators arrived at their destination in the early afternoon of August 1, 1943. On 7 September, under the Treaty of Craiova, Southern Dobruja (which Bulgaria had lost after the Romanian invasion during the Second Balkan War in 1913), was ceded to Bulgaria under pressure from Germany. Please follow all directions. [4], On 13 April 1939, France and the United Kingdom had pledged to guarantee the independence of the Kingdom of Romania. The Romanian First, Second (forming), and what little was left of the Third and the Fourth Armies (one corps) were under orders from the King to defend Romania against any German attacks. [1][10] After recovering Bessarabia and Bukovina (Operation München), Romanian units fought side by side with the Germans onward to Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad and the Caucasus. In February 1943, with the decisive Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, it was growing clear that the tide of the war was turning against the Axis powers. Like Finland, Romania had to pay $300 million to the Soviet Union as war reparations. [citation needed] Other Wehrmacht units in the country suffered severe losses: remnants of the Sixth Army retreating west of the Prut River were cut off and destroyed by the Red Army, which was now advancing at an even greater speed, while Romanian units attacked German garrisons at the Ploiești oilfields, forcing them to retreat to Hungary. Use the map on page 781 to locate the following information. [21], As the country declared war on Germany on the night of 23 August 1944, border clashes between Hungarian and Romanian troops erupted almost immediately. In 1940 Romania's territorial gains made following World War I were largely undone. German and Romanian units conquered Bessarabia, Odessa, and Sevastopol, then marched eastward across the Russian steppes toward Stalingrad. 1 August 1943 . See more ideas about wwii, romanian, world war two. Ploiesti, Romania. Sima and many other legionnaires took refuge in Germany;[8] others were imprisoned. This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Hitler rewarded Romania's loyalty by returning Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and by allowing Romania to administer Soviet lands immediately between the Dniester and the Bug, including Odessa and Nikolaev. But the Germans considered the coup "reversible" and attempted to turn the situation around by military force. From shop GlobalHygge. On 4 July, Ion Gigurtu formed the first Romanian government to include an Iron Guardist minister, Horia Sima. On 23 August 1944, with the Red Army penetrating German defenses during the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, King Michael I of Romania led a successful coup against the Axis with support from opposition politicians, most of the army and Communist-led civilians. On 24 August, German troops attempted to seize Bucharest and suppress Michael's coup, but were repelled by the city's defenses, which received some support from the United States Air Force. [1] Although it was an ally of Germany, Romania's turning to the Allied side in August 1944 was rewarded by returning Northern Transylvania, which had been granted to Hungary in 1940 after the Second Vienna Award. Beginning in December 1943, the Soviet Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive pushed Axis forces all the way back to the Dniester by April 1944. The number of deaths in all areas is not certain, but the lowest respectable estimates run to about 250,000 Jews and 11,000 Roma in these eastern regions. 1 August 1943 . B-24 Liberator during a low-level attack of the Ploesti oil refineries, Romania. [9] Romanian jingoes in Odessa even distributed a geography showing that the Dacians had inhabited most of southern Russia. Prior to the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the Antonescu government considered a war with Hungary over Transylvania an inevitability after the expected victory over the Soviet Union. The Romanian Army had a total of 686,258 men under arms in the summer of 1941 and a total of 1,224,691 men in the summer of 1944. WWII administrative map of Romania #europe, #romania, #world_wars. World War II Romania Table of Contents On April 13, 1939, France and Britain pledged to ensure the independence of Romania, but negotiations on a similar Soviet guarantee collapsed when Romania refused to allow the Red Army to cross its frontiers. The Romanian Army captured over 50,000 German prisoners around this time, who were later surrendered to the Soviets. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Eastern territories became part of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. Romanian soldiers and gendarmes also worked with the Einsatzkommandos, German killing squads, tasked with massacring Jews and Roma in conquered territories, the local Ukrainian militia, and the SS squads of local Ukrainian Germans (Sonderkommando Russland and Selbstschutz). On 23 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. On 27 November, 64 former dignitaries or officials were executed by the Iron Guard in Jilava prison while awaiting trial (see Jilava Massacre). 1.2 Bessarabia, a province of Romania since 1918-19, seized by Russia on 27 June 1940 and not recovered by Romania until June 1941. As the military fortunes of Romania's two main guarantors of territorial integrity—France and Britain—crumbled in the Fall of France, the government of Romania turned to Germany in hopes of a similar guarantee, unaware that the then dominant European power had already granted its consent to Soviet territorial claims in a secret protocol of 1939's Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Negotiations with the Soviet Union concerning a similar guarantee collapsed when Romania refused to allow the Red Army to cross its frontiers.[1][6]. [19], During the Moscow Conference in October 1944 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe into spheres of influence after the war. In power, the Iron Guard stiffened the already harsh anti-Semitic legislation, enacted legislation directed against minority businessmen, tempered at times by the willingness of officials to take bribes, and wreaked vengeance upon its enemies. Romanian Claims to the Serbian Banat in 1941, Romania's economic arguments regarding the shortness of the Second World War, Map of Romania's territorial changes during World War II, World War II archive images with the Romanian Forces, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, History of World War II by region and country, Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania_in_World_War_II&oldid=1015654012, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Articles to be expanded from January 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 700,000 ordered, 445,640 received by the Romanian Army by mid-1943, 5,000 ordered in 1941 and delivered during 1942, Local design, entered operational service with the Romanian Army in 1943 with a production rate of 666 pieces per month as of October 1942, 5,500 purchased, 3,500 in 1941 followed by 2,000 in 1943, 125 imported from France and well over 175 built locally under licence at the, 188 imported from France and well over 410 built locally under licence at the, Captured and reverse-engineered Soviet model, produced at the, 300 ordered in September 1940, the delivery beginning in May 1941, known as, 300 ordered but only 72 delivered until the fall of France, 360 produced under licence at the Astra Works beginning with 1938, with 102 delivered by May 1941 and a production rate of 6 pieces per month as of October 1942, 200 built under licence by the Reșița Works, with 100 delivered by mid-1941 and the second batch of 100 started in July 1941, the production rate being of 5 pieces per month as of October 1942, 669 pieces (former Polish ones) purchased from Germany (most common Romanian anti-tank gun in 1941), Captured Soviet model, some Romanian anti-tank platoons had four pieces during the second half of World War II, 545 made in Austria and 275 made in Italy, all purchased from Germany, 160 purchased from France and well over 140 licence-produced at the, During the second half of World War II, some Romanian anti-tank platoons each had three Pak 40 guns, used interchangeably with Romania's own 75 mm Reșița Model 1943 anti-tank gun, Native design combining features from several foreign models, a total of 210 pieces were produced at the, 248 purchased from Czechoslovakia in the mid-1930s and 252 from Germany in 1940-1941 (the Astra Works in Romania manufactured, 180 ordered but only 144 delivered until the fall of France, 180 purchased from Czechoslovakia between 1936 and 1939 (the Astra Works in Romania manufactured. , out of 2 total Romania | Communist Romania > Travel-Global Decor GlobalHygge, bears. 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