With loving and tender hand he feeds the lambs and tends the whole flock, warns against foes, guards from danger, and leads them into green pastures and beside still waters. The unorganized and diverse trials of the recipients of 1 Peter are indicated in 1:6 (“various trials”); 3:14 (“for righteousness’ sake”); 4:12 (“fiery ordeal”) and 4:14 (“reproached for the name of Christ”). It has traditionally been held to have been written by Saint Peter the apostle during his time as bishop of Rome . The whole Christian body shared in the persecutions (5:9). 6. Principal objections to Petrine authorship have been linguistic, theological, and historical. This relates directly to Peter’s famous dictum before the Sanhedrin, “We must obey God rather than men” (Acts 5:29). 67-69. 351f.). Christ's resurrection was the occasion … In the language of the end times … it is Authorized Version of 1611, or any of its revisions [the King James Bible]. In the light of the living hope possessed by the Christian, he can rejoice in the midst of suffering (1:6, 8; 4:13). Rid yourselves of all malice and all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and slander of every kind. Imbued with a strong love for the risen Christ, and a profound conviction of the truth of the gospel as established in the world by the life, death, and resurrection of the Messiah, the author delineates a rich Christian life on the basis of these evangelical facts. No doubt in some of these features the influence of Silvanus appears. A recent study of this term in the papyri suggests the meaning “illiterate, unable to write (Gr.).”. There is truth in Dean Alford’s statement, although perhaps he pushes it rather far: "The link between one idea and another is found, not in any progress of unfolding thought or argument, but in the last word of the foregoing sentence which is taken up and followed out in the new one" (see 1Pe 1:5,6,7,9,10, etc.). God has given to us a BOOK.. Fear God. Honor the king" (1Pe 2:17). The chief doctrines of Christianity are found in 1 Peter. One is, that it is totally out of keeping with Peter’s manner of writing. In view of the vast territory and varied cultures and religions of the people living in these provinces, it can be concluded that the sufferings endured by the recipients of 1 Peter included a large range of experiences. Actually, the whole gamut of Christian doctrine and ethics is covered in the epistle. Tradition which runs back into the first half of the 2nd century appears to favor it, though much uncertainty and obscurity still surround the earliest ages of our era, in spite of the unwearied researches of modern scholars. The external evidence of authenticity of this epistle is of the strongest kind and the internal is equally strong. Hence, some have suggested that this term in 1 Peter identifies the recipients as Jewish Christians (e.g., Origen, Greek Fathers, Calvin, Bengel, Weiss). But if 1 Peter is dependent on the Apocalypse for this name of Babylon as Rome, Peter could not have been its author, for he died years before that date. Cullmann has noted that the Petrine speeches in Acts also emphasize the servant motif. He bids them remember the uncomplaining Christ when He was unjustly afflicted by cruel men (1Pe 2:19-25). The lack of greetings to specific individuals in the last section of the epistle indicates that this was an encyclical letter intended for a fairly large number of churches. A variety of charges were brought against the Christians, but they were calumnies and slanders, without any foundation in fact. Petrine authorship has been affirmed in modern times by Hort, Selwyn, Walls-Stibbs, Reicke; it has been denied by Dibelius, Goodspeed, and Beare. It is not stained by sin nor polluted by crime, either in its acquisition or its possession. The people are described as belonging to the Diaspora (διασπορά, G1402). Peter appears to be in Rome (his arrival could hardly be before the middle fifties and some time must also be allowed for the extensive spread of Christianity suggested by the provinces in which the recipients of 1 Peter lived). This privilege is an occasion for both a present joy (1:6, 8; 4:13a) and a future joy and gladness (4:13b). 101-104). The contents of the first epistle, reflecting impending persecutions, suggest a date shortly before the death of Peter. It never withers. The word points to its substance. They affirm in the most positive and solemn manner that their predictions are not their own, but God’s. The function of amanuenses in ancient correspondence is not fully known, but their use is clearly attested. Outline and significant pericopes and passages in 1 Peter: 8. Hence, Selwyn’s suggestion that the recipients were “mixed” communities consisting both of Jewish and Gentile Christians. However, the example of Christ inspires the Christian and provides the pattern to follow (2:21). The First Epistle of Peter constitutes an important work of New Testament theology and pastoral care, serves as an example of how the early church applied Jesus’ sayings and the Old Testament writings to contemporary concerns, and presents some extremely useful perspectives on living the Christian life today. He was brought to the Saviour early in His ministry by his brother Andrew (Joh 1:40,41). 1. They pored over the predictions which the Spirit had revealed through themselves; they scrutinized them with eager and prolonged inquiry. The first "what" relates to the time of the Messiah’s advent; the second "what" to the events and circumstances which would attend His appearing--a fruitful theme, one that engages the inquiry of nobler students--"which things angels desire to look into. Peter was not, however, his original name. The Lord Jesus had charged him, "Feed my lambs" "Tend my sheep"--"Feed my sheep" (Joh 21:15-17). Everything in the Epistle points to the time of Nero, 64 AD, and not to the time of Domitian or Trajan, or even Titus. This was prophesied in the OT (e.g., the Isaianic Suffering Servant hymns) and predicted by Jesus (e.g., Mark 8:31; 9:31; 10:33f. Tradition places the death of Peter in a.d. 64 during the Neronic persecutions (see Peter). Suffice it to quote a sentence from Professor Zahn (New Testament, II, 289) with which the writer agrees: "That interpretation of 1Pe 3:19 is in all probability correct, according to which a preaching of Christ at the time of the Flood is referred to, i.e. The First Epistle of Peter (1952), p. 44. does justice to the various elements in the epistle. circa 90-96 AD. It is born by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, and it calmly awaits the glorious inheritance that soon will be enjoyed. But his supreme object is to comfort and encourage them amid the persecutions and the sufferings to which they were unjustly subjected, and to fortify them against the heavier trials that were impending. According to 1Pe 5:13 the Epistle was written in Babylon. They show how bitter was the hatred and how intense the hostility felt by the heathen toward the Christians who dwelt among them. This book is believed to be a letter from Peter to fellow Christians. Peter answers this question directly in 2:13-17. Christ’s suffering was with a view to the redemption of the sinner (2:24f.). 1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia,. Grammatically, the epistle contains very good Gr. However, if the amanuensisthesis is accepted (see below), this objection is not valid. The Asian saints had renounced all such wicked practices, had separated themselves from their old companions in riotous living and revolting debaucheries; they were witnesses against their immoralities, and hence, became the objects of intense dislike and persecuting animosity. Principal … ), but the numerous exhortations relate to the broader aspects of the Christian life, rather than to baptism per se. Selwyn suggests that “the trials besetting the readers of 1 Peter were spasmodic and particular rather than organized on a universal scale, a matter of incidents rather than of policy, at once ubiquitous and incalculable.”. The traditional Roman Catholic belief is that was written during his time as Bishop of Rome or Bishop of Antioch but that is not said in the letter, which says that it was written from Babylon . The narrator presents himself as Peter the Apostle. and its relevant address to the basic problems of Christian living in a sinful and hostile world make this a significant document in the lit. For example, 1 Peter mentions that it was Peter’s letter written down by Silvanus, or Silas (1 Peter 5:12). In modern times this identity has been challenged. V. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE EPISTLE. The first episode general of Peter Chapter two wherefore, laying aside all malice and all guile and hypocrisies and enemies and all evil speaking as newborn babes desire the sincere milk of the word that ye may grow thereby if so be ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious to whom. Phil 2:5-11). Hence, its application is demonstrated by the frequent exhortations. The prophets always disclaim any part in the origination of their messages. In Acts 4:13 Peter is described as ἀγράμματος, G63. Tenney has listed 34 different commands in the short epistle (New Testament Survey, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans [1961], pp. Irenaeus, a man who may well be said to represent both the East and the West, who was a disciple of Polycarp, quotes it copiously, we are assured. The recipients of this epistle have been suffering various trials and afflictions (1:6) and the possibility of greater and more severe difficulties was very real (3:13-17; 4:12-19). Edition Notes Previous ed. 1 Clement (a.d. 95) seems to indicate acquaintance with 1 Peter. The statement denotes rather the bearer than the writer or secretary. Peter (ET 1953), pp. But ever and anon their vision was filled with the future and its blessedness, their voices would swell with rapture as they saw and foretold the great salvation to be brought to the world and the grace that would then so copiously go out unto men; for the Messiah was to appear and to suffer, the just for the unjust, that He might bring us to God. Peter, First Epistle of: This epistle is addressed to "the strangers scattered abroad", i.e., to the Jews of the Dispersion (the Diaspora). All the more significant on this account is his testimony. 1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God’s elect, ( B ) exiles ( C ) scattered ( D ) throughout the provinces of Pontus, ( E ) Galatia, ( F ) Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, ( G ) 2 who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge ( H ) of God the Father, through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, ( I ) to be obedient ( J ) to Jesus Christ and sprinkled with his blood: ( K ) Outline and significant pericopes and passages in 1 Peter: The canonical and theological significance of this epistle relates basically to the theme suggested above—“living hope in the midst of suffering.” The resistance to Christianity as an emerging religious movement gave rise to troubling questions in these churches. v. 9); 18:2, 10, 21. The apostle describes it in terms which were applied to the old Israel, but which include more than the ancient Israel ever realized. Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, who lived in the first half of the 2nd century, appears to have had no doubt that Peter was martyred in Rome, and that the Babylon of the Epistle designates the Imperial City. The NT contains no record of the evangelization of most of this territory. This idea, not inconsonant with the teaching of Paul, receives a significant development and application in 1 Peter. First Epistle Of Peter. A third view regards it as symbolical of Rome. Beare. Some of these people may have become Christians there. But the imperial government at the time does not appear to have taken formal action for the overthrow of Christianity as a system inimical to the empire. The contents of the first epistle, reflecting impending persecutions, suggest a date shortly before the death of Peter. This would form a strong bond of union between them and Peter, and would open the way for him to address them in the familiar and tender manner of the Epistle. Peter seems never to grow weary of describing it and exalting its radiant beauty and desirableness. THE FIRST LETTER OF PETER. This seems to account for the peculiarity of language which Peter uses: "By Silvanus, our faithful brother, I have written unto you," as if he had some share in furnishing the contents of the Epistle. From the beginning, 1 Peter was recognized as authoritative and as the work of the apostle Peter. Silvanus was Paul’s companion in the ministry to the Asiatic churches, and since we do not read of him as going with Paul to Jerusalem or to Rome, it is probable he returned from Corinth (Ac 18:5) to Asia Minor and labored there. The NT contains no record of the evangelization of most of this territory. His two Epistles certify how faithfully he obeyed the charge. Its bloom will remain fresh, its fragrance undiminished, forever. Peter does not speak of Iegal proceedings against the Christians by the magistrates. It "fadeth not away." Traditionally and already in the ancient Church, this apostle has been considered the author of 1 Peter. The author of the document in the NT designated 1 Peter is identified as “Peter, an apostle of Jesus” (1:1). Since the time of the early Church there has been a strong consensus that it was written by the apostle Peter. In this video we present the reading of The First Epistle of Peter, King James Version. There is much to be said in favor of this city as the place meant, and yet the absence of tradition in its support is a very serious difficulty. Stream the classes, or download and listen to them offline. This interpretation of suffering is a unique feature of 1 Peter and provided the recipients with a modus vivendi in the face of impending persecutions and tribulation. Simon Peter was a native of Galilee. He mentions the four gospels, Acts, the Pauline epistles with the exception of Hebrews and Philemon, as well as the first epistle of Peter, and the first and second epistles of John, and the book of Revelation. However, if the amanuensisthesis is accepted (see below), this objection is not valid. In Acts 4:13 Peter is described as ἀγράμματος, G63. He reminds them of the glorious inheritance they are to possess (1Pe 1:3-9); he exhorts them to walk in the footsteps of the uncomplaining Christ (1Pe 2:20-25); to be compassionate, loving, tender-hearted, humble-minded, and circumspect in their passage through this unfriendly world (1Pe 3:8-12). Dating the First Epistle of Peter is a difficult task for scholars. While not unmindful of the great difficulties that beset the view, nevertheless we are reclined to the opinion that the Babylon of 1Pe 5:13 is the ancient city on the Euphrates. The identification of the place of writing of 1 Peter centers around the interpretation of ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι συνεκλεκτὴ̀ (ἐκκλησία, G1711) (“the chosen [church] in Babylon”) (5:13). with a fairly varied vocabulary. This is the heavenly nobility, the royal family of the Lord of glory, decorated with badges brighter far than ever glittered on the breast of king or emperor. This edition was published in 1970 by Blackwell in Oxford. BiblicalTraining.org provides a comprehensive biblical education from world-class professorsto encourage spiritual growth in the church, for free. This name occurs frequently in the gospels as the name of one of the twelve apostles. With John and James he was admitted to a peculiarly close relationship with Jesus (Mark v.37; Matt. For some, the doxology in 4:11b constitutes a break in the thought—perhaps the end of a sermon and 4:12ff. Two cities having this name were known in apostolic times. Try it free for 30 days. Imbued with a strong love for the risen Christ, and a profound conviction of the truth of the gospel as established in the world by the life, death, and resurrection of the Messiah, the author delineates a rich Christian life on the basis of these evangelical facts. These are ugly epithets. The emphasis on service and suffering (e.g., 2:18-25) is very reminiscent not only of details in the life of Christ but also of the presentation of these details in the gospel of Mark which was written under the influence of Peter. Beare’s exposition is in no way cursory; however, he delimits the theological significance of the epistle when he suggests that the author’s theology is presuppositional to the author’s intent. Bibliography R. Johnstone, The First Epistle of Peter (1888); W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire (1893), 279-295; J. H. A. Hart, “The First Epistle General of Peter” in Expositor’s Greek Testament, V (n.d.), 1-121; F. H. Chase, “The First Epistle of Peter” in HDB, III (1902), 779a-796a; C. Bigg, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude in ICC (1903); J. Moffatt, The General Epistles: James, Peter, and Jude in The Moffatt Commentary (1928); J. W. C. Wand, The General Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude in The Westminster Commentaries (1934); E. G. Selwyn, The First Epistle of Peter (1952); A. M. Stibbs, Commentary on First Epistle of Peter (1959); J. N. D. Kelly, The Epistles of Peter and Jude (1969). There are very serious objections to this interpretation. New International Version (NIV), Encyclopedia of The Bible – First Epistle of Peter, [http://biblegateway/wiki/Peter, Second Epistle of PETER]. The distinctive hortatory character of 1 Peter. It was He who testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that should follow. His call to the office of apostle is recorded in Mt 10:1-4; Mr 3:13-16. English. There is, however, sufficient uniqueness in 1 Peter in theological concepts to moderate the thesis that Pauline influence is present. Small Groups, Church Leaders, and Pastors. All these items point to a definite Petrine derivation. Three of the four provinces Peter mentions, namely, Pontus, Cappadocia, and Asia, had representatives at the memorable Pentecost in Jerua (Ac 2:9; 1Pe 1:1). 2. Regarding baptism, it seems that the author was seeking to instruct his readers in its meaning, rather than the practice or liturgy of the sacrament. But these afflictions were generally local and sporadic. Like newborn babies, crave pure spiritual milk, so that by it you may grow up in your salvation. It holds in its heart no germ of death. Grammatically, the epistle contains very good Gr. 1. The way one dates the epistle often has direct connection to a person's stance on authorship. One of the largest reasons for this is the question as to whether the persecution that the author refers to was a local persecution in Asia Minor, or a an empire wide persecution. A distinguished man, a noble, a general, a statesman, will sometimes appear in public with his breast covered with resplendent decorations which mark his rank or his achievements. It is the epistle of hope. The sayings and experiences of Christ alluded to in the epistle sound much like those of an eyewitness. 7. The people are described as belonging to the Diaspora (διασπορά, G1402). "The testimony of the early-church is summed up by Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica, III, xxiii, 3). Hence, they are called the Lord’s "spokesmen," the Lord’s "mouth" (Ex 4:15,16; 7:1,2; 2Pe 1:21). a preaching through Noah, so that Noah is here represented as a preacher of righteousness, as in 2Pe 2:5.". The people who received this letter. The author calls himself “an apostle of Jesus Christ” ( 1:1 ) and a fellow-elder ( 5:1 ). THE EPISTLES OF PETER. However, these impending dark days undoubtedly made many believers apprehensive about the attitude and reaction they should show. xvii.1; xxvi.37; cf. Col 1:24). One of the catholic or universal epistles, First Peter is a pastoral letter addressed to five early Churches emphasizing the "inexpressible and glorious joy" of salvation through Christ, and the call to Christian living. Destination. 1970. Peter answers this question directly in 2:13-17. Traditionally and already in the ancient Church, this apostle has been considered the author of 1 Peter. In view of the vast territory and varied cultures and religions of the people living in these provinces, it can be concluded that the sufferings endured by the recipients of 1 Peter included a large range of experiences. But the condition brought to view in 1 Peter is altogether different. If there had been any justification for such antagonism in the character and the conduct of Christ’s people, if they were evil-doers, "haters of the human race," to be classed with thieves and murderers and meddlers in other men’s matters (1Pe 4:14-16), as they were accused of being and doing, we could understand the fierce opposition which assailed them and the savage purpose to suppress them altogether, but the only ground for the enmity felt against them was the refusal of the Christians to join their heathen neighbors in their idolatries, their feasts, winebibbings, revelings, carousings, lasciviousness and lusts in which once they freely shared (1Pe 4:2-4). In all Asia Minor no better company of men and women could be found than these disciples of Jesus Christ; none more submissive to constituted authority, none more ready to help their fellow-men in their distress and trouble. These past demonstrations of God’s sovereignty are the basis for the living hope which looks with confidence to the future and its glory which the Christian will share (5:1, 10). The First Epistle of St. Peter is one of those books of the New Testament whose authorship is disputed. The basic theme of 1 Peter is “the living hope in the midst of suffering.” This paradox (also found in Paul in Romans 5 and Philippians) of rejoicing in suffering is a unique feature of Christianity which the natural man cannot accept. On the contrary, he urges them to be subject to every ordinance of man for the Lord’s sake: whether to the king as supreme; or unto governors, as sent by him for vengeance on evil-doers and for praise to them that do well (1Pe 2:13). 161-176. In modern times this identity has been challenged. In contrast to the Pauline letters where the hortatory section usually follows a doctrinal section, 1 Peter contains exhortations scattered throughout all the chapters. If the letter is inauthentic, it was likely written between 70 and 90 C.E., as argued by Elliott and Brown above. R. Johnstone, The First Epistle of Peter (1888); W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire (1893), 279-295; J. H. A. Hart, “The First Epistle General of Peter” in Expositor’s Greek Testament, V (n.d.), 1-121; F. H. Chase, “The First Epistle of Peter” in HDB, III (1902), 779a-796a; C. Bigg, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude in ICC (1903); J. Moffatt, The General Epistles: James, Peter, and Jude in The Moffatt Commentary (1928); J. W. C. Wand, The General Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude in The Westminster Commentaries (1934); E. G. Selwyn, The First Epistle of Peter (1952); A. M. Stibbs, Commentary on First Epistle of Peter (1959); J. N. D. Kelly, The Epistles of Peter and Jude (1969). The redemption of the author used the independent participle for the imperative strikes a note of immediacy and urgency spiritual... 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