constitution of the athenians xenophon

By showing that only someone who is almost beyond human could conduct such an enterprise as empire, Xenophon indirectly censures imperial design. He even goes so far to say that he desires that no Persian kalokagathos ("noble and good man" literally, or simply "noble") ever be seen on foot but always on a horse, so much so that the Persians may actually seem to be centaurs (4.3.22–23). Jennifer O’Flannery holds that "discussions of leadership and civic virtue should include the work of Xenophon ... on public education for public service. 1] The Athenians originally had a royal government. Xenophon (ca. 2003. Necessity to Xenophon was truly the mother of invention, but the centuries since have devised nothing to surpass the genius of this warrior. "Xenophon’s (The Education of Cyrus) and Ideal Leadership Lessons for Modern Public Administration." 12. The two writers seem more concerned about answering questions that arose after the trial than about the actual charges. After the defeat of Cyrus, it fell to Xenophon to lead the Greeks from the gates of Babylon back to the coast through inhospitable lands. Today, Xenophon is best known for his historical works. He did this by endowing a fictional version of the boyhood of Cyrus the Great, founder of the first Persian Empire, with the qualities of what Xenophon considered the ideal ruler. Also in 398, the Spartan ephors officially cleared the Ten Thousand of any previous wrong doing (the Ten Thousand were likely a part of the investigation of Thimbron's failure at Larissa) and fully integrate the Ten Thousand into Dercylidas' army. For at least two millennia, Xenophon's many talents fueled the debate of whether to place Xenophon with generals, historians or philosophers. Xenophon framed Socrates’ defense, which both men admit was not prepared at all, not as failure to effectively argue his side, but as striving for death even in the light of unconvincing charges. Pseudo-Xenophon's Constitution of the Athenians. Therefore you are at once able to judge for yourselves the reason why were are not at fault now, although we were then."[21]. Xenophon sent a small force back toward the other ford, causing the anxious Persians to detach a major part of their force parallel. However, Clearchus, a Spartan general, convinced the Greeks to continue with the expedition. Xenophon wrote the Cyropaedia to outline his political and moral philosophy. [9] The Athenian populace realizes that it is impossible for each of the poor to offer sacrifices, to give lavish feasts, to set up shrines, and to manage a city which will be beautiful and great, and yet the populace has discovered how to have sacrifices, shrines, banquets, and temples. Anabasis and Cyropaedia inspired Greeks and Alexander the Great to conquer Babylon and the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BC. The Anabasis is a narrative of how "Xenophon rouses the despairing Greeks into action and leads them on their long march home; and the narrative of his successes has won him noteworthy if uneven admiration for over two millennia."[8]. [31] Cyrus is idealized greatly in the narrative. Xenophon's query to the oracle, however, was not whether or not to accept Cyrus' invitation, but "to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with good fortune". Anabasis is a unique first-hand, humble, and self-reflective account of military leader's experience in antiquity. He believes that the unstable dichotomy of man and horse found in a centaur is indicative of the unstable and unnatural alliance of Persian and Mede formulated by Cyrus. Once there, they helped Seuthes II make himself king of Thrace, before being recruited into the army of the Spartan general Thimbron (who Xenophon refers to as Thibron). [11] Tissaphernes pursued Xenophon with a vast force, and when the Greeks reached the wide and deep Great Zab River, it seemed they were surrounded. Xenophon’s lessons on leadership have been reconsidered for their modern-day value. 2.23.1). For the epideixis assignment itself, click here Specifically, they'll introduce you to two sides of epideixis: "demonstration" of argument (Constitution) and "demonstration" of style (Epitaphios). of the treatise. [9] The Athenian populace realizes that it is impossible for each of the poor to offer sacrifices, to give lavish feasts, to set up shrines, and to manage a city which will be beautiful and great, and yet the populace has discovered how to have sacrifices, shrines, banquets, and temples. However, this treatise makes evident that anti-democratic sentiments were extant in Athens in the late 5th century BC and were only increased after its shortcomings were exploited and made apparent during the Peloponnesian War. The strength of Cyrus in holding the empire together is praiseworthy according to Xenophon. [32] Although partially graced with hindsight, having written the Cyropaedia after the downfall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War, this work criticizes the Greek attempts at empire and "monarchy", dooming them to failure. The Colchians, seeing they were being outflanked, divided their army to check the Greek deployment, opening a gap in their line through which Xenophon rushed in his reserves, scoring a brilliant Greek victory.[18]. Thank you so much to those who have already subscribed to my channel! Current location in this text. Public Administration Quarterly. Detailed account of Xenophon's life starts 401 BC. Another passage that Johnson cites as criticism of monarchy and empire concerns the devaluation of the homotīmoi. Download Pleiades ancient places geospacial dataset for this text. 'Old Oligarch' is a label often applied to the unknown author of the Athenian Constitution preserved with the works of Xenophon. Apart from 3. "[36], Although Xenophon claims to have been present at the Symposium, this is impossible as he was only a young boy at the date which he proposes it occurred. Click anywhere in the Constitution of Athens. After several attempts I found it 469 PSEUDO-XENOPHON CONSTITUTION OF ATHENS* This short political pamphlet has survived to our day through the lucky chance of being included in the minor works of Xenophon, and for over 150 years it has been the subject of lively scholarly debate. Xenophon's Anabasis recounts his adventures with the Ten Thousand while in the service of Cyrus the Younger, Cyrus's failed campaign to claim the Persian throne from Artaxerxes II of Persia, and the return of Greek mercenaries after Cyrus's death in the Battle of Cunaxa. The "Constitution of the Athenians" (Greek: Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia), also known as "On the Athenian State", is a short treatise on the government and society of classical Athens.It was preserved amongst the minor works of Xenophon, though the scholarly consensus is that he did not write it.Its date and authorship have been the subject of much dispute. Or, to give it its full citation, Pseudo-Xenophon. 4-5), the relationship of The Constitution of the Athenians to other texts (pp. And as for the fact that the Athenians have chosen the kind of constitution that they have, I do not think well of their doing this inasmuch as in making their choice they have chosen to let the worst people be better off than the good. The Constitution of the Athenians, also called the Athenian Constitution (Greek: Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia; Latin: Atheniensium Respublica), is a work by Aristotle or one of his students. 11 (1961), 94 ff. Xenophon likely followed Agesilaus' march to Sparta in 394 BC and finished his military journey after seven years. But since they have decided to have it so, I intend to point out how well they preserve their constitution and accomplish those other things for which the rest of the Greeks criticize them. Then, "the other men followed his example, and made it a sort of game, enjoying the sensation, pleasant alike to old and young, of courting danger for a moment, and then quickly escaping it. Xenophon's scouts quickly found another ford, but the Persians moved and blocked this as well. Moles, J.L. When the Persian cavalry arrived the next day, now firing within several yards, Xenophon suddenly unleashed his new cavalry in a shock charge, smashing into the stunned and confused enemy, killing many and routing the rest. The Annenberg CPB/Project provided support for entering this text. The Spartans wrote nothing about themselves, or if they did it is lost. Every day, these cavalry, finding no opposition from the Ten Thousand, moved cautiously closer and closer. Bryn Mawr : Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, ©2001 (OCoLC)606900336: Named Person: Xenophon; Xenophon. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company: 1890. pp. "[27] Herodotus contradicts Xenophon at several other points, most notably in the matter of Cyrus’s relationship with the Median Kingdom. Reading Xenophon's Memorabilia inspired Zeno of Citium to change his life and start the Stoic school of philosophy. On the topic of campaigns in Asia Minor and in Babylon, Xenophon wrote Cyropaedia outlining both military and political methods used by Cyrus the Great to conquer the late Assyrian Empire in 539 BC. Xenophon stormed and completely overwhelmed the force at his ford, while the Greek detachment made a forced march to this bridgehead. On the other hand, the passage seems to be critical of democracy, or at least sympathetic to aristocrats within democracy, for the homotīmoi (aristocracy/oligarchs) are devalued upon the empowerment of the commoners (demos). Bryn Mawr : Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, ©2001 (OCoLC)606391026 Online version: Constitution of Athens. The Cyropaedia relates instead that Astyages died and was succeeded by his son Cyaxares II, the maternal uncle of Cyrus (1.5.2). That Xenophon was able to acquire the means of feeding his force in the heart of a vast empire with a hostile population was astonishing. Once you've clicked "course docs," you'll see at the top of the frame a PDF link for: Pseudo-Xenophon ("Old Oligarch") - Constitution of the Athenians. However, Xenophon quickly devised a plan: all goats, cows, sheep and donkeys were slaughtered and their bodies stuffed with hay, laid across the river and sewn up and covered with dirt so as not to be slippery. 1. He marched with the Spartans, and was exiled from Athens. The Old Oligarch: Being the Constitution of the Athenians (Classic Reprint): Xenophon, Xenophon: 9780259833055: Books - Amazon.ca The author, often called in English the "Old Oligarch" or Pseudo-Xenophon, detests the democracy of Athens and the poorer classes, but he argues that the Periclean institutions are well designed for their deplorable purposes. Johnson reads even more deeply into the centaur label. One of the main plots of the Symposium is about the type of loving relationship (noble or base) a rich aristocrat will be able to establish with a young boy (present at the banquet alongside his own father). He seems to envisage lively objections to his remarks from an … Johnson, D. M. 2005. "[10], Xenophon and his men initially had to deal with volleys by a minor force of harassing Persian missile cavalry. Quintilian in The Orator's Education discusses the most prominent historians, orators and philosophers as examples of eloquence and recognizes Xenophon's historical work, but ultimately places Xenophon next to Plato as a philosopher. The Socrates that Xenophon portrayed was different from Plato’s in multiple respects. As for the constitution of the Athenians I do not praise its form; but since they have decided to have a democracy, I think they have preserved the democracy well by the means which I have indicated. Xenophon of Athens (/ˈzɛnəfən, -ˌfɒn/; Greek: Ξενοφῶν, Ancient Greek: [ksenopʰɔ̂ːn], Xenophōn; c. 430[3] – 354 BC) was an Athenian-born military leader, philosopher, and historian. "[14] The Ten Thousand made their way in and were fired at by stones and arrows for several days before they reached a defile where the main Carduchian host sat. [5]. They elected new leaders, including Xenophon himself. Usher, S. "Xenophon, Critias and Theramenes". "They say that Socrates met [Xenophon] in a narrow lane, and put his stick across it and prevented him from passing by, asking him where all kinds of necessary things were sold. Vol. Once the Great King had sent into their country an army of 120,000 men, to subdue them, but of all that great host not one had ever seen his home again. The "Constitution of the Athenians" (Greek: Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia), also known as "On the Athenian State", is a short treatise on the government and society of classical Athens. [6] Several centuries later, Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero described Xenophon's mastery of Greek composition in Orator with the following words: "the muses were said to speak with the voice of Xenophon". These show no distinction in official rank or status between the Persian and Median nobility. The manner in which this occurs seems also to be a subtle jab at democracy. Osborne addresses the date and purpose of composition first in three subsections under the following rubrics: the internal evidence for date of composition (pp. By contrast, Plato does not go so far as to claim that Socrates actually desired death, but seems to argue that Socrates was attempting to demonstrate a higher moral standard and teach a lesson, although his defence failed by conventional standards. Both the Apology and the Memorabilia defend Socrates’ character and teachings. Although empire emerges in this case, this is also a sequence of events associated with democracy. Despite effective fighting by the Greeks, Cyrus was killed in the battle (Anabasis 1.8.27–1.9.1). These readings are concerned with different aspects of epideixis, and can be viewed as a preparation for the expdeixeis you'll be writing and deliveringyourselves. Pseudo-Xenophon, Constitution, Athens, Democracy Abstract. His minister Chrysantas admires the centaurs for their dual nature, but also warns that the dual nature does not allow centaurs to fully enjoy or act as either one of their aspects in full (4.3.19–20). With the Carduchians surging toward the Greek rear, Xenophon again faced the threat of total destruction in battle. This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 23:44. Athens banishes Xenophon for fighting on the Spartan side. Pseudo-Xenophon is vexing above all in his frequent use of certain terms for the upper and lower classes: χρηστοί, βέλτιστοι, δυνάμενοι, πονηροί, δημοτικοί, etc. In 398 BC, Xenophon was likely a part of the Greek force capturing the city of Lampsacus. Transactions of the American Philological Association. And as for the fact that the Athenians have chosen the kind of constitution that they have, I do not think well of their doing this inasmuch as in making their choice they have chosen to let the worst people be better off than the good. The mercenaries, known as the Ten Thousand, found themselves without leadership far from the sea, deep in hostile territory near the heart of Mesopotamia, with a hostile population and armies to deal with. The Athenians, i. the allies themselves to possess only enough for survival and to work without being able to plot defection. Longmans, Green and Co.: 1912. of the treatise. The castle, however, was stationed on a hill surrounded by forest. He writes about the Athenians largely in the third person, and he alludes to Athens by αὐτόθι. After facing the court at Sparta, Thimbron is banished. 6 On the one per-cent tax, cf. Observe the Athenians' own account of their alleged litigiousness in the difficult passage of Thucydides at 1.77.1. Xenophon’s entire classical corpus is extant. The "Constitution of the Athenians" (Greek: Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia), also known as "On the Athenian State", is a short treatise on the government and society of classical Athens. 133, No. Therefore, on this account I do not think well of their constitution. In labelling Persians as centaurs through the mouth of Cyrus, Xenophon plays upon the popular post-Persian-war propagandistic paradigm of using mythological imagery to represent the Greco-Persian conflict. The Athenians, ii. [36] Xenophon uses this interpretation as justification for Socrates’ arrogant stance and conventional failure. This historical-fiction serves as a forum for Xenophon to subtly display his political inclinations. [22] Diogenes writes that Xenophon lived in Corinth until his death in 354 BC. And from this time forth, Xenophon became a follower of Socrates. It was when Ion came to dwell with them that they were first called Ionians. [17], Soon after, Xenophon's men reached Trapezus on the coast of the Black Sea (Anabasis 4.8.22). There is no mention of the Persians, The Epitome of Aristotle's Athenian Constitution by Heracleides [Fr. There is an echo of this statement, verifying Xenophon and contradicting Herodotus, in the Harran Stele, a document from the court of Nabonidus. More originality in tactics has come from the Anabasis than from any dozen other books. Xenophon has long been associated with the opposition to the Athenian democracy of his time, of which he saw the shortcomings and the ultimate defeat to the Spartan oligarchic power. The former is set during the trial of Socrates, essentially defending Socrates’ loss and death, while the latter explains his moral principles and that he was not a corrupter of the youth. At Tarsus the soldiers became aware of Cyrus's plans to depose the king, and as a result, refused to continue (Anabasis 1.3.1). The [31] However, in the face of overwhelming numbers in a campaign against the Assyrians, Cyrus armed the commoners with similar arms instead of their normal light ranged armament (Cyropaedia 2.1.9). Conversely, while not omitting it completely, Plato worked to temper that arrogance in his own Apology. 4-5), the relationship of The Constitution of the Athenians to other texts (pp. He left Athens in 401 and joined an expedition including ten thousand Greeks led by the Persian governor Cyrus against the Persian king. However, the empire began to decline upon the death of Cyrus. Home Collections/Texts Perseus Catalog Research Grants Open Source About Help Hide browse bar Your current position in the text is marked in blue. It was preserved amongst the minor works of Xenophon, though the scholarly consensus is that he did not write it. Argument ensued as to how the spoils would now be split, and Cyrus enforced a meritocracy. Xenophon is recognized as one of the greatest writers of antiquity. Books Advanced Search Today's Deals New Releases Amazon Charts Best Sellers & More The Globe & Mail Best Sellers New York Times Best Sellers Best Books of the Month Children's Books Textbooks Kindle Books Audible Audiobooks Livres en français As the military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge wrote, "the centuries since have devised nothing to surpass the genius of this warrior". Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. Or in a dialog between the Spartan commander and Xenophon himself (Book IV, Chap.6, l.16) when the Spartan says "I too hear that you Athenians are clever at stealing public funds, and this even though the danger is quite extreme for the thief; and indeed the best do it the most, if indeed the best among you are those considered worthy of ruling.". 8 At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War the Athenians certainly did move property to Euboea (Thuc. Introduction. options are on the right side and top of the page. Homotīmoi were highly and thoroughly educated and thus became the core of the soldiery as heavy infantry. Dodge says of Xenophon's generalship, "Xenophon is the father of the system of retreat, the originator of all that appertains to the science of rear-guard fighting. "[15] After heavy mountain fighting in which Xenophon showed the calm and patience needed for the situation, the Greeks made their way to the northern foothills of the mountains at the Centrites River, only to find a major Persian force blocking the route north. 1.143.5. As a result of the failed siege of Larissa, the ephors of Sparta recall Thimbron and send Dercylidas to lead the Greek army. Xenophon describes Dercylidas as a significantly more experienced commander than Thimbron. Thus he also reflects on the state of his own reality in an even more indirect fashion, using the example of the Persians to decry the attempts at empire made by Athens and Sparta. The Constitution of the Athenians, though not by Xenophon, is an interesting document on Athenian politics. Constitution of the Athenians., Ed. Examples of this include the wedding of the Lapiths, Gigantomachy, Trojan War, and Amazonomachy on the Parthenon frieze. Personally invited by Proxenus of Beotia (Anabasis 3.1.9), one of the captains in Cyrus's mercenary army, Xenophon sailed to Ephesus to meet Cyrus the Younger and participate in Cyrus's military campaign against Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Ionia. Great Captains: A Course of Six Lectures on the Art of War. For discussion of the controversial problem of the judicial relations of Athens and her allies, cf. E. C. Marchant. 1984. Xenophon was away on his Persian campaign during the trial and death of Socrates. Amazon.com. Herodotus says that Cyrus led a rebellion against his maternal grandfather, Astyages king of Media, and defeated him, thereafter (improbably) keeping Astyages in his court for the remainder of his life (Histories 1.130). In section 4.3 of the Cyropaedia Cyrus makes clear his desire to institute cavalry. Hellenica mentions the response of the commander of the Ten Thousand (likely Xenophon) "But men of Lacedaemon, we are the same men now as we were last year; but the commander now is one man (Dercylidas), and in the past was another (Thimbron). für Pädagogik, 48 (1921), 17 ff. Filled with a plethora of originality and tactical genius, Xenophon's conduct of the retreat caused Dodge to name the Athenian knight the greatest general that preceded Alexander the Great.[19]. In this way the allies have become instead the slaves of the Athenian people. Xenophon's admiration for his teacher is clear in writings such as Symposium, Apology, and Memorabilia. Your current position in the text is marked in blue. When Xenophon returned to Athens and told Socrates of the oracle's advice, Socrates chastised him for asking so disingenuous a question (Anabasis 3.1.5–7). And Xenophon is moreover the first who established in rear of the phalanx a reserve from which he could at will feed weak parts of his line. Through his dual critique of empire and democracy, Xenophon subtly relates his support of oligarchy. Xenophon and Agesilaus likely meet for the first time and Xenophon joins Agesilaus' campaign for Ionian Greece independence of 396-394. 12 and 2. 1] The Athenians originally had a royal government. The Constitution of the Athenians, also called the Athenian Constitution (Greek: Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia; Latin: Atheniensium Respublica), is a work by Aristotle or one of his students. 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